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Structure, Spatial and Temporal Dynamics and Mapping of the Southern Taiga -- Forests in Mid-Siberia


E. I. Kuzmenko
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch
Ulanbatorskaya Str., 1, Irkutsk, Russia, 664033
Tel: + 73952427472, Fax. + 73952422717
kuz@irigs.irk.ru



Introduction
The forest ecological systems in mid-Siberia play an important role in supporting the structural carbon balance and the balance of mineral materials. These ecological systems are able to a great extent to regulate themselves and to establish a balance of substance circulation in the environment. This is particularly important in conditions of great anthropogenic forest disturbances in the south of mid-Siberia. In a number of areas of the Angara-Yenisei region the intensive damage to the forests has brought about on vast territories a formation in place of the indigenous fir-pine forests the less productive stablely-derived dark-coniferous small-leaved forests and light-coniferous small-leaved ones. This has resulted in the non-characteristic cycles of the carbon circulation. The process is connected with a disastrous change of the ecological-geographical factors and first of all with the increase of the continental features of the climate on the background of its change on a global scale.

The majority of the forests in the south of mid-Siberia are the forming ecological systems of different ages. In the forests of different ages there are different types of carbon accumulation and biological carbon circulation. While studying these forests it is especially actual to do a complex ecological – geographical research with the aim of estimating the long-lasting changes of the forests as a result of their use. With this purpose in mind it is necessary to research the spatial-temporal dynamics and , in particular, the age-regeneration dynamics and the succession dynamics of the forests and to reflect them while mapping as well as while making the multifunctional mathematical models of the carbon circulation.

We give the characteristic features of the up-to-date state and the dynamics of the forest vegetation in the south-eastern part of the Angara-Yenisey region. To prove them we give as an example a computer-made map. While mapping we used the MAGIS system. The satellite-made photos (obtained with the help of the MK-4 camera) were automatically processed.

Methodological basis and geo-informative provisions
One of the promising methods of fulfilling a given task in order to make a dynamic model of the carbon distribution among the biological components as to the main types of boreal forests in mid-Siberia is to research the forest communities and to type them on the landscape basis. In this case there is an attempt to make a transition from the phitocenotic classifications to the geographical-genetic ones. For this purpose we used the classical notions about the invariant of the geo-systems and about the genetic type of a forest. These notions are well-known in the geo-botany , in the landscape history and in the forest history. These notions concern the research of the dynamics of forest covering (Коlesnikov 1958; Sochava 1978; Кrauklis 1979; Smagin 1985; Мikheyev 1987; Smolonogov 1990; Smolonogov and Zalesov 2002). To obtain the computer-made maps the satellite-made photos were automatically processed with the help of the GIS-technologies (Коnovalova and Каpralov 1997; ArcView GIS- manual. 1999; Кuzmenko and Smolonogov 2000, 2000 а, 2002; Кitov 2000; The forest vegetation 2002; Kuzmenko 2001; Kuzmenko and Smolonogov 2002 , The multifunctional adap. 2000).

The analysis of the taxonomic schemes as to the forest types in the southern taiga-forest Angara region where there are larch-pine forests and in the regions where there is a dark-coniferous taiga-forest has shown that as to the derived birch, aspen, pine forests it is not discernible in the forest-taxation descriptions that there is any connection of these forests with the indigenous ones or with the allegedly indigenous ones. Consequently there is no clear-cut spatial-ecological localisation of these forest types. The tendencies of their formation are not clear. Later on there may appear difficulties in determining the carbon cycles in the communities with the vague type of succession-temporal changes. For a number of forest types there is no differentiation as to their high-altitude positions and as to their geo-morphological complexes. In the process of making a legend to a fragment of the map of forest vegetation ( the south-eastern part of the Angara-Yenisey region) the derived forests and the indigenous ones were united. The following indicators of the growing conditions were chosen: a high-altitude belt, a geo-morphological complex, a relief element, the characteristics of the soils and the moistening as well as the position (the stage) in the age-regeneration rows (Fig. 1).


Figure 1. Forest vegetation in the south-eastern part of the angara-ynisei region (to the fragment of the map of scale 1:200000)


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